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【正保远程-2004年研究生考试英语完型填空真题精解】：
section ii use of english
directions： read the following text. choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark a， b， c or d on answer sheet 1. （10 points）
many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency （crimes committed by young people） focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. theories （21） ____ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior （22） ____ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through （23） ____ with others. theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in （24） ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status （25） ____ as a rejection of middle-class values.
most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families， （26） ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. the latter may commit crimes （27） ____ lack of adequate parental control. all theories， however， are tentative and are （28） ____ to criticism.
changes in the social structure may indirectly （29） ____ juvenile crime rates. for example， changes in the economy that （30） ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment （31） ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. the resulting discontent may in （32） ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior.
families have also （33） ____ changes these years. more families consist of one parent households or two working parents； （34） ____， children are likely to have less supervision at home （35） ____ was common in the traditional family （36） ____. this lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates.
other （37） ____ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school， the increased （38） ____ of drugs and alcohol， and the growing （39） ____ of child abuse and child neglect. all these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act， （40） ____ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
21. [a] acting [b] relying [c] centering [d] cementing
22. [a] before [b] unless [c] until [d] because
23. [a] interactions [b] assimilation [c] cooperation [d] consultation
24. [a] return [b] reply [c] reference [d] response
25. [a] or [b] but rather [c] but [d] or else
26. [a] considering [b] ignoring [c] highlighting [d] discarding
27. [a] on [b] in [c] for [d] with
28. [a] immune [b] resistant [c] sensitive [d] subject
29. [a] affect [b] reduce [c] chock [d] reflect
30. [a] point [b] lead [c] come [d] amount
31. [a] in general [b] on average [c] by contrast [d] at length
32. [a] case [b] short [c] turn [d] essence
33. [a] survived [b] noticed [c] undertaken [d] experienced
34. [a] contrarily [b] consequently [c] similarly [d] simultaneously
35. [a] than [b] that [c] which [d] as
36. [a] system [b] structure [c] concept [d] heritage
37. [a] assessable [b] identifiable [c] negligible [d] incredible
38. [a] expense [b] restriction [c] allocation [d] availability
39. [a] incidence [b] awareness [c] exposure [d] popularity
40. [a] provided [b] since [c] although [d] supposing
21.c / centering（着重于、突出、强调）。本题的答案线索是本文第一段第1句的谓语动词focus on（强调、着重、把中心置于……、聚焦于……）。本题选项a、b、d和介词on搭配使用后的含义分别是作用于……、依赖于和评论、评述。
22.d / because （由于，因为）。本题的答案线索是本文第一段第1句中的causes（原因）一词，该词提示考生本文探讨有关青少年犯罪（juvenile delinquency / criminal behavior）原因的理论学说。由于22题前的内容是青少年从事犯罪行为，22题就应选用表达原因之类的词语。本题a、b、c选项的含义分别是在……之前、除非、直到。
23.a / interaction （交往、互动）。俗话说：近墨者黑。23题空白处之前的内容是青少年沾染上了犯罪行为，空白处的内容是与其他的人，故答案线索明确暗示：与其他人的来往 / 交往。本题b、c、d选项的含义分别是同化，吸收、合作、咨询。
24.d / response （反应）。本题答案线索仍然是本文第一段第1句中causes（原因）一词。全文涉及青少年犯罪原因的理论，这是全文的中心灵魂，也是解题的根本点。24题空白处前面的内容是青少年犯罪，空白处后面的内容是他们失败了，空白前后又是一对因果关系，故选项d（in） response （to） …（对……的行为反应）是正确选项。本文a、b、c选项的含义分别是归还；回报、回答，回复、参考。
25.a / or（或者）。本题的答案线索有两条。其一是上一句话中构成两个that宾语从句平行的连词or。其二是本句中25题空白前后的两个介词短语in …和as…。or使这两个介词短语形成了介词短语的平行结构。本题b?c、d选项的含义分别是然而、但是、否则；要不然。
26.b / ignoring （忽略，忽视）。选项b是现在分词形式，在本句中充当伴随状语，修饰其前主语中的谓语动词focused on（强调，突出，聚焦于……）。本题的答案线索：26题空白处前的含义是把目光 / 注意力放在贫困家庭青少年的犯罪，空白处后的含义是来自富裕家庭青少年的犯罪，贫困和富裕本身就是鲜明的对立，十分注意（focused）前者的时候就不可避免地忽略（ignoring）后者。故选项b是正确选项。本题a、c、d选项的含义分别是考虑、强调，突出、扔掉，抛弃。
27.c / for （因为，由于）。本题的答案线索再次回到第一段第1句的causes（原因）一词。27题空白处前的含义是青少年犯罪，空白处后的含义是缺乏父母的管教，显而易见，这又是一对因果关系，又是本题灵魂的再现，故选项c是正确选项。本题on， in， with选项均不能和本题空白处的lack搭配使用，尤其值得一提的是虽然选项c中的with有因为的含义，但在此处无法和lack一词搭配使用。
28.d / subject （易遭受到……）。本题答案线索有两条。其一是选项中截然相反的或对立的一对选项中大概有一个选项是正确的。本题中选项a（immune）和选项d（subject）正是如此的一对。第二条线索是本句中的连词and，这个and在本句中构成了其前后两个词的因果关系。由于所有理论都是尝试性的，没有定论的（tentative），故所有理论通常会遭受到批评和质疑（subject to criticism）。本题a、b、c选项的含义是免于……、抵抗……、敏感的。
29.a / affect （影响）。本题答案线索又一次返回到本文第一段第1句的causes一词。全文谈论有关青少年犯罪原因的理论。故追本求源是本文解题时永恒的主线。29题空白处前的社会结构的变化与空白处后的青少年犯罪率又是一对因果关系，故选项a（affect / 影响）是正确选项。本题b、c、d选项的含义分别是减少、抑制、反映。
30.b / lead （导致）。本题答案线索与上一题相同。30题空白处前的经济变化与空白处后的日益减少的就业机会又是一对causes（因）和effect（果）关系。故选项b（lead to 导致）是正确答案。本题的a、c、d选项的含义分别是指向、到来、总数达……。
31.a / in general （一般，通常）。31题空白处前的上升的失业率与空白处后的使好工作日益难寻，在逻辑上再形成了因果关系。由于本段第1句和尾句均运用了情态动词may，故31题的空白处最好使用一个与这两个may相呼应的语气词，以构成本段语气上的连贯。在四个选项a（in general 一般地，大体上），b（on average 平均，通常），c（by contrast 相比而言）和d（at length 最后；详尽地；长久地）中，只有a中的in general和may的语气较为接近。
32.c / （in） turn 反过来。本题答案线索是：社会经济变化→青年失业或难找工作→青年的不满情绪→青年的犯罪。这是一个因果关系的链条。所以最后选定（in） turn（反过来）是由于本段主题句中修饰谓语动词lead to（导致）一词的副词indirectly（间接地）。只有选项c才能准确表达主题句中副词indirectly这一因果层次关系。本题a、b、d的选项分别是假使；免得，以防（万一）、简言之、在本质上。
33.d / experienced （经历）。本题答案线索是本段第2句更多的家庭是单亲家庭……意味着传统的家庭模式发生了变化。故在33题空白处前的families（家庭）与空白处后的changes（变化）之间应该填入足以体现已经历经家庭变化的谓语动词。在本题四个选项a（survived / 存活），b（noticed / 注意到），c（undertaken / 承担；从事）和d（experienced / 经历）中，只有选项d最符合原文的含义。
34.b / consequently（结果）。本题答案线索是：34题空白处前后的两句话客观上是前因后果关系，故选用b.本题a、c、d选项的含义分别是相反、类似、同时地。
35.a / than （比）。本题答案线索是35题空白处前的less一词。这是比较级less … than结构。
36.b / structure （结构）。本题答案线索：本段谈论家庭所经历的变化，本段第2句的动词consist of …（构成，组成）暗示考生本段具体涉及家庭结构（structure ）变化对青少年的影响。36题空白前的traditional（传统的）一词再一次暗示考生答案应该是旧的（traditional）家庭结构（structure）。故选项b是正确答案。本题a、c、d选项的含义分别是系统，体系、概念、遗产。
37.b / identifiable （可辨认的；可看作是相同的）。这是本次英语知识运用考题中较难的一题。37题空白后的causes（原因）一词将考生的答案线索，再一次引回到了本文第一段的第1句，该句是全文的灵魂句，其含义是有关青少年过失（年轻人犯罪）原因的许多理论或者聚焦（focus on）于个体或者聚焦（focus on …）于社会……。也就是说：不同的理论将不同的方面视为其有关犯罪解释的原因，各种理论都寻找出了原因，只是focus（视点）不一致，但毕竟都是各种理论的倡导者用眼和心发现并关注的原因。故37题空白处应该是一个与focus on在含义上相近的词，表示发现，关注之含义。37题空白处之前的other一词暗示本句是一个总结句，意思是人们所关注或注意到（focus on）的其它原因还有……。故在本题四个选项a（assessable / 可评价或评估的），b（identifiable /可辨认的；可看作是相同的），c（negligible / 可以忽略的，不予重视的）和d（incredible / 难以置信的）中，只有选项b在中心主题连贯和中心思想表达上与focus on（关注，聚焦）这一视觉动词相互连贯和呼应。
38.d / availability （可获得性、可得到性）。本题答案线索有两条。其一是38题所在之句具体阐述青少年犯罪的三个其他原因。其二是句中连词and所构成的名词平行结构，这一结构要求处于此平行结构中的名词应该在所表达的语义上属于同类，由于本句皆在阐述青少年犯罪的三个其他原因，所以这个名词平行结构中的三个名词都应该是不良社会现象或行为。38题具体涉及毒品和酒品。众所周知，毒品和酒品的泛滥与青少年犯罪的增加直接有关。故选项d（availability / 可获得性，可得到性）是正确选项。本题的a、b、c选项的含义分别是开支，费用、限制，局限、分配。
39.a / incidence （发生，影响）。本题答案线索有两条。这两条线索与38题的两条线索相同。39题具体涉及虐待儿童（child abuse）。根据因果关系和平行关系的答题思路，考生应该选择选项a（incidence / 发生，影响）。注意选项d（普及；受欢迎）不对，因为我们生活的社会中，虐待儿童（child abuse）并不是普遍现象和社会的主流。选用d就太夸张了。选项b和c的含义分别是意识，认识和揭露，暴露；接触。
40.c / although （虽然，尽管）。本题答题线索是40题空白处前后的含义在语义上所形成的转折关系。故选项c是正确答案。本题a、b、d选项的含义分别是以……为条件，假如、因为、假如，如果。
when i decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that i might become a part of a new international trend. a lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although， in the manner of a disgraced government minister， i covered my exit by claiming i wanted to spend more time with my family。
curiously， some two-and-a-half years and two novels later， my experiment in what the americans term downshifting has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. i have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of have it all， preached by linda kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of she magazine， into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
i have discovered， as perhaps kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of she after a build-up of stress， that abandoning the doctrine of juggling your life， and making the alternative move into downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life kelsey used to advocate and i once enjoyed： 12-hour working days， pressured deadlines， the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on quality time。
in america， the move away from juggling to a simpler， less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. downshifting—also known in america as voluntary simplicity—has， ironically， even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism. there are a number of bestselling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives； there are newsletters， such as the tightwad gazette， that give hundreds of thousands of americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap； there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-‘90s equivalent of dropping out.
while in america the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline—after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ‘80s—and is still linked to the politics of thrift， in britain， at least among the middle class downshifters of my acquaintance， we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.
for the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the ‘80s， downshifting in the mid-’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life—growing your own organic vegetables， and risking turning into one—as a personal recognition of your limitations.
67. which of the following is true according to paragraph 1？
[a] full-time employment is a new international trend.
[b] the writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.
[c] a lateral move means stepping out of full-time employment.
[d] the writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.
68. the writer‘s experiment shows that downshifting ________.
[a] enables her to realize her dream
[b] helps her mold a new philosophy of life
[c] prompts her to abandon her high social status
[d] leads her to accept the doctrine of she magazine
69. juggling one‘s life probably means living a life characterized by ________.
[a] non-materialistic lifestyle
[b] a bit of everything
[c] extreme stress
[d] anti-consumerism
70. according to the passage， downshifting emerged in the us as a result of ________.
[a] the quick pace of modern life
[b] man‘s adventurous spirit
[c] man‘s search for mythical experiences
[d] the economic situation