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Total Recall
全面回忆10月15日托福考试-超级详细版
阅读
第一篇：蝙蝠和寄生虫parasite
有一种寄生虫一直寄生在蝙蝠体表，并衍生出特殊的能力，能随蝙蝠飞行而不脱落。当这种小生物在蝙蝠长着稀疏的毛的翅膀上刺探血管时，它那长长的腿有助于在抖动的翅膀表面保持身体的稳定。
还有一种寄生虫喜欢栖息在母蝙蝠身上。
单词：
parasite 寄生虫 / final host 终宿主 / bedbug 臭虫 / roost 窝 / flea 蚤 / fly 蝇 / host 宿主 / tick 扁虱 / pupae 蛹
背景知识：
Bat Parasites
Like other animals, bats are hosts to a number of internal and external parasites. Most of these parasites are specialized and cannot survive away from the bats, so they pose little threat to humans and other animals (Fenton 1992). A species of bedbug, which resembles the species that feeds on humans, lives on the bats and in their roosts. However, reports of these bedbugs biting humans or domestic animals are rare. Once a bat colony is evicted from a building, any parasites that remain behind may move around the attic (and possibly the house) in search of bats. Fortunately, these parasites usually die quickly when separated from the bats.
A homeowner can sprinkle diatomaceous earth in the roost area to eliminate any parasites that may remain after the bats are evicted. This organic powder, which is made from the fossils of single-celled organisms, is abrasive to the exoskeletons of insects. As an insect crawls over the powder, its protective cuticle is scratched, and the insect dies of dehydration. Diatomaceous earth is effective in killing a variety of other insects in addition to bat parasites.
第二篇：城市形成发展的历史，讲了农业灌溉、trade和protection，
第三篇：经济从农业到工业到后工业的发展，
第四篇：苏美尔Sumer民族的历史，Mesopotamian
原文说该文明在美索不达米亚南部比价发达，原题有一个选项是北部，最后一个选项是：底格里斯河(Tigris)和幼发拉底河(Euphrates)之间，应该是正确的。
背景知识：
美索不达米亚(Mesopotamia，希腊语的意思是两河之间的土地。)文明(又称两河文明)发源于底格里斯河(Tigris)和幼发拉底河(Euphrates)之间的流域──苏美尔(Sumer/ Sumerian)
第五篇：自然选择和物种进化，提到了虹鳉guppy和一种鸟的演变。关于虹鳉的信息发表在2004年10月28日英国的《自然》杂志上。
背景知识：
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美国科学家发现虹鳉鱼在逆境中更加长寿
根据经典进化理论，生存危险较大，存活率低的动物，寿命也相对较短。不过科学家最近发现，一种名为虹鳉鱼的生物打破了这种认识，它们在危险环境中反而更加长寿。这表明进化对寿命的影响比之前所认为的更复杂。
美国加利福尼亚大学河边分校的进化生物学家戴维 雷兹尼克和他的小组在最新一期《自然》杂志上介绍说，他们研究了生活在特立尼达岛溪流里的虹鳉鱼，发现对这些小鱼而言，与天敌生活在同一水域中时老得更慢。
科学家介绍说，当地的溪流有许多瀑布从中隔断，有些虹鳉鱼与掠食它们的天敌生活在同一水域，而另有一些则生活在安全环境里。经研究发现，与生活在安全环境中的虹鳉鱼相比，那些与天敌生活在一起的虹鳉鱼活得更久，老得更慢，繁殖期也更长。这些都与经典理论恰恰相反。
研究同时发现，这些虹鳉鱼的其他特征与经典理论相符，如生活在危险环境中的鱼，成长时成熟得更快、生育后代数量更多、且游泳能力随年龄衰退的速度更慢等。
Richard Dawkins曾经提出过一个非常有名的理论，他认为生物都是一些“使用后可以被丢弃的生育机器”，生物生存的目标只是为了延续它们的物种，但是批评家们认为Richard Dawkins的理论是有意回避了遗传选择对物种生存的影响。其实Dawkins关于基因的理论是直接来自于经典的进化论，进化论认为，生命存在的意义是为了延续物种，而自然选择会对物种的各种特征产生影响，从而使得物种延续的成功率大大增加。但是我们会发现，很多动物生存的时间要超过它们生育的时间，生物学家们已经开始致力于对这些多余的时间进行研究，希望能从中发现一些进化的线索，从而能发现，这些多余的时间如果是有用的，那么自然选择在其中起着什么样的作用?
有一种理论认为，生物在生育能力已经衰退后仍然存活若干时间，这种现象可能是自然选择的结果，因为生育后期的雌性生物可能会为它们的后代或者亲戚能更好的生存而提供一些帮助，这种理论称这种现象为“祖母效应”。有一些生物物种，它们会生育大量的后代或者这种生物的群落非常大，为了能更好的抚养没有生存能力的后代，就非常需要那些生育后期的雌性生物来帮助它们做这些工作。虽然有许多哺乳动物，包括狮子和狒狒，需要在一个复杂的群落中抚养它们年幼的后代，但是许多研究并没有发现这些动物中存在这种祖母效应，而且大多数雌性动物的寿命只是刚刚满足它们抚养最后一个生育的子代。有一些非社会性的动物，它们需要生育大量的后代，但是这些后代并不需要雌性动物进行抚养，那么这些雌性动物的生育后期的时间，很大程度上需要依赖良好的营养，并且没有疾病和天敌的干扰。虽然一些历史记录和人口学研究结果提示，人类中可能也存在这种为了满足生存需要的祖母效应——因此一些生物学家也提出，这可能是人类中存在更年期这个特殊生理时期的原因，但是目前很少有实验研究证明，生育后期的寿命是自然选择进化的结果，并且可以从中找到自然选择的证据。
通过对虹鳉生育后期寿命多样性的研究提示，虹鳉生育后期寿命的存在是自然对这个物种的生育阶段进行选择的结果，是进化的结果。
在一项新的研究中，David Reznick，Michael Bryant和Donna Holmes对生活在特立尼达岛的虹鳉鱼在面对不同程度的天敌威胁时，其寿命变化的情况进行了深入的研究。生物个体在面临不同的死亡威胁时，为了种族的延续就会进化出不同的适应性，例如改变第一次生育的年龄，改变投入生育行为的力量，和改变生命衰老的方式，这包括生育的减少。由于虹鳉是一种卵胎生的鱼类，它们生育的子代不需要进行喂养，因此Reznick等人估计，他们发现的不同群落的虹鳉将在生育后期的寿命上没有大的差别。研究发现，尽管不同群落的虹鳉的寿命有很大的差别，但是这种差异主要来自于不同群落的虹鳉对生育时间的划分。而对应的，生育后期的寿命没有受到自然选择的影响，用研究者们的话说就是似乎“随机加到虹鳉最后的生命中”。无论是不是随机的，本研究是第一个对鱼类生育后期寿命进行研究的。
随后Reznick等人从特立尼达岛的山脉的两个地方的溪流中捕获了野生的虹鳉，(溪流中有的地方虹鳉的天敌比较多，经常得会捕食虹鳉，而在同一条溪流的不同地方，由于是在瀑布的上游，可以隔绝虹鳉的天敌)，研究者们在实验室中，对野生虹鳉群落生育第二代的行为进行了研究。来自天敌比较多的和来自天敌比较少的地方的虹鳉是来自同一条溪流，而且对这些虹鳉的喂食是人工模仿它们在自然界获得食物的可能性(在天敌比较少的地方生活的鱼类，与在天敌比较多的地方生活的鱼类相比吃得要更少，体重也要更轻)。雌鱼每周交配一次，直到它们怀上
了后代，当这些雌鱼生育完成后再次交配(当这些雌鱼正处在交配的最佳时机的时候)。
研究者们对每个群落中的虹鳉进行了生长率、体质、生育间隙和产仔数的测量，并且将每个个体的生命划分为从出生到第一次生产的之间的阶段，生育阶段和生育后期寿命三个阶段。来自天敌比较多的地方的虹鳉与来自天敌比较少的地方的虹鳉相比，它们生产所需的时间更短;而且来自天敌比较多的地方的虹鳉整个生命中可以生育的时间更长，结束生育的时间更晚。为了对虹鳉生育后期寿命进行研究，Reznick等人希望能发现虹鳉从最后一次生育到其死亡之间的时间，是不是会显著的多于虹鳉两次生育后代之间的时间(由于不同虹鳉个体，其两次生育后代之间的时间间隔是不同的，因此研究者们按照阈值进行计算)。研究发现，有超过60%的虹鳉生育后期的寿命要超过其两次生育后代之间的时间间隔。虽然研究者们并没有发现一个特殊的群落会刻意的延长生育后期的寿命，或者某个虹鳉会在死亡前终止生育的行为，但是他们确实发现，随着虹鳉生育阶段时间的增加，这个群落的虹鳉生育后期寿命延长的可能性也会增加。因此，即使生育后期寿命对于虹鳉的适应性没有直接的影响，但是它与虹鳉生命中某个阶段是有关系的。
总而言之，这项研究第一次通过实验的方法向我们证实了，进化对于生物的寿命是有选择性作用的，并且这种选择的结果会影响到生物的适应性。这些发现还驳斥了关于鱼类没有或很少存在生育衰老的观点，这种观点的证据是鱼类在成年后会持续的产生鱼卵。关于生育后期寿命是不是自然选择的结果，从而让生物更好的适应环境这个问题还没有统一的观点。但是，本研究采用实验性的比较分析方法，通过对其他物种进行研究，然后用进化的观点对人类的情况进行分析，这种分析方法对于那些主要从事人类更年期产生的原因和人类长寿的研究的科学家来说是一个很好的范例。
Getting an Evolutionary Handle on Life after Reproduction
When Richard Dawkins famously called organisms “throwaway survival machines” that exist solely to preserve the genes that made them, critics balked at the specter of genetic determinism. But Dawkins" selfish genes derive straight from classical evolutionary theory that says life exists to reproduce, and that natural selection should act on any traits that increase reproductive success. Since many animals live beyond their fertile years, biologists have searched for evolutionary clues to this extended lifespan. What role, if any, does natural selection play in the evolution of the postreproductive lifespan?
For natural selection to shape the twilight years, postreproductive females should contribute to the fitness of their offspring or relatives, a hypothesis called the “grandmother effect.” Such contributions require that organisms spawn helpless offspring or live in extended groups where postreproductive females help raise the young. Though many mammals, including lions and baboons, rear dependent young and operate within complex social groups, studies have found no evidence of a granny effect, and females mostly live ju
st long enough to care for their last born. For nonsocial animals that spawn independent young, extended lifespan is associated with good nutrition and the absence of disease and predators. While historical records and demographic analyses offer support for an adaptive granny effect in humans—which some biologists have offered as a possible explanation for the existence of menopause—few studies have experimentally tested for signs of selection in the evolution of a postreproductive lifespan.
Analysis of the causes of variation in post-reproductive lifespan indicates that the evolution of lifespan in guppies is due to selection during their reproductive stage
In a new study, David Reznick, Michael Bryant, and Donna Holmes expand on their ongoing investigations of the life history of guppies confronting different predatory threats in Trinidad. Individuals facing different mortality threats should evolve different adaptations in their life histories, such as age at first reproduction, investment in reproduction, and patterns of senescence, including declines in reproduction. Since guppies are livebearers that provide no postnatal maternal care, Reznick et al. predicted the populations would show no differences in postreproductive lifespan—which is what they found. Though overall lifespan varied among the populations, these variations stemmed from differences in time allotted only to reproduction. Postreproductive lifespan, in contrast, showed no signs of being under selection, and appeared to be what the authors called a “random add-on at the end of the life history.” Random or not, this is the first demonstration of a postreproductive lifespan in fish.
Reznick et al. raised a second-generation laboratory brood of wild guppies taken from high- and low-predation streams at two locations in the mountains of Trinidad. (The high-predation sites harbor predators that frequently prey on guppies. Low-predation sites are found in the same streams, ab
ove waterfalls that exclude predators but not guppies.) A high- and low-predation site was sampled from each site, and feeding was manipulated to reflect food availability in the wild (fish in low-predation environments typically eat less and weigh less than fish in high-predation environments). Females were mated once a week until they produced offspring, and were mated again after each brood (when copulation is most likely).
The authors measured growth rate, body size, interbrood interval, and litters per lifetime for each population, and divided each individual"s lifespan into age at first birth, reproductive phase, and postreproductive lifespan. Guppies from high-predation localities gave birth sooner than those from low-predation sites; they also reproduced over a longer period and were much older when they stopped reproducing. To estimate postreproductive lifespan, Reznick et al. determined whether the time between last birth and death significantly exceeded the time needed to spawn another litter (calculated as a threshold, since interbrood intervals varied for each individual). About 60% of individuals lived beyond the time they would have been expected to produce another brood. While the authors found no differences in the probability that any particular group would enjoy an extended postreproductive lifespan or that an individual would stop reproducing before dying, they did find that the probability of experiencing an extended postreproductive lifespan increased along with the length of reproductive lifespan. Thus, even though postreproductive lifespan has no direct effect on fitness, it is linked to a component of life history that does.
Altogether, these results provide the first experimental confirmation that evolution works selectively on those aspects of life history that directly affect fitness. These findings also refute the suggestion that fish may experience little or no reproductive senescence based on evidence that they contin
ue to produce eggs as adults. It"s an open question whether postreproductive lifespan can influence fitness enough to be under selection. But in a field dominated by investigations into the origins of human menopause and extended lifespan, the authors make a strong case for using experimental comparative analyses of other species to gain an evolutionary perspective on the human condition.
生于忧患
与经典理论预期的相反，虹鳉鱼在掠食者威胁下更长寿
根据经典进化理论，生存危险较大、存活率低的动物，会采取“活得快死得早”的策略。但一种称为虹鳉鱼的小鱼打破了这种认识，它们在危险环境里更长寿，这表明进化对寿命的影响比我们认为的更复杂。
一般说来，有掠食者在一旁虎视耽耽时，投入很多能量来追求长寿，是没有意义的事。相反，动物会尽量赶快发育成熟，早早完成繁衍后代的使命，然后衰老死掉。以往对野生动物和实验室动物的研究大都支持这种观点。
慢车道上的生活。与以往理论预期的不同，与天敌生活在同一水域的虹鳉鱼老得更慢
但美国科学家发现，生活在特立尼达岛溪流里的虹鳉鱼是个反例。这些溪流里遍布着瀑布，由于瀑布的隔断作用，有的虹鳉鱼与天敌生活在同一水域，而有的虹鳉鱼则生活在没有掠食者的安全环境里。
加利福尼亚大学河边分校的进化生物学家David Reznick和他的小组，研究了上述野生虹鳉鱼的实验室后代。结果发现，与生活在安全环境中的虹鳉鱼相比，那些与掠食者生活在一起的虹鳉鱼活得更久、老得更慢，繁殖期也更长。这都违背了经典理论。有关成果发表在10月28日的英国《自然》杂志上。
不过，这些虹鳉鱼的其它特征与经典理论相符，例如，生活在危险环境里的鱼，游泳能力随年龄衰退得更慢。它们成熟得也更快，生育后代的数量比安全环境里的虹鳉鱼更多。
Reznick说，前述意外发现显示，掠食者对物种的影响不仅仅是增加死亡率。例如，掠食者减少虹鳉鱼的数目，使剩下的虹鳉鱼有更多资源可利用，这可能有助于它们寿命延长。
听力
第一题：(忘记)
第二题：一个女学生到宿舍管理员(黑色男人)处投诉，她跟原来室友处得好，但是在重新调整宿舍时却被分在两个
第三题：(忘记)
第四题：花的化石
第六题：美国最早的定居点
一般认为Jamestown和Plymouth，后来发现Popham波凡姆也是一个。
背景知识：
Popham Colony
The site of the 1607 Popham Colony in present-day Maine is shown by "Po" on the map. The Jamestown Settlement is shown by "J"
The Popham Colony was a short-lived English colonial settlement in North America that was founded in 1607 and located in the present-day town of Phippsburg, Maine near the mouth of the Kennebec River. It was founded in the same year as its more successful rival, the Jamestown Settlement and was the first English colony in the region that would eventually become known as New England. The colony was abandoned after only one year and the exact site of the colony was l
ost until its rediscovery in 1994.
Founding
Popham was a project of the Plymouth Company. Plymouth Company was one of two competing parts of the Virginia Company that James I chartered in 1606 in order to settle "Virginia"; at the time the name applied to the entire northeast coast of North America from Spanish Florida to New France in the modern-day Canada. At the time that area was technically under the claim of Spanish crown but not occupied.
The Plymouth Company was granted a royal charter and the rights to the coast between 38° to 45° N, whereas the rival London Company was granted the coast between 34° and 41°N. The overlapping area between 38° and 41° was to go to the first company that would prove "strong enough" to colonize it.
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Colonists
First Plymouth Company ship, Richard, sailed in August 1606 but the Spanish intercepted and captured it near Florida in November. The next attempt was more successful; About 120 colonists left Plymouth on May 31, 1607 in two ships. They intended to trade precious metals, spices, furs and show that the local forests could be used to build English ships.
Colony leader, George Popham sailed in the Gift of God and second-in-command Ralegh Gilbert in the Mary and John. Captain of the latter ship, Robert Davies, kept a diary that is one of the main contemporary sources of the information about the Popham colony.
George Popham was the nephew of one of the financial backers of the colony, Sir John Popham, the Lord Chief Justice of England, while Gilbert was the half nephew of Sir Walter Raleigh. Other financiers included Sir Ferdinando Gorges, the military governor of Plymouth; much of the information about the events in the colony comes from his letters and memoirs. Settlers included nine council members and 6 other gentlemen when the rest were soldiers, artisans, farmers and traders.
The Gift of God arrived at the mouth of the Kennebec (then c
alled the Sagadahoc River) on August 13 and Mary and John three days later. The Popham Colony was settled on headland of area named Sabino. Quickly the colonists began construction of large star-shaped Fort St. George. Fort St. George included ditches and ramparts and contained nine cannons that ranged in size from demi-culverin to falcon.
Hunt"s map
On October 8, 1607, colonist John Hunt drew a map of the colony showing 18 buildings including the admiral"s house, a chapel, a storehouse, a cooperage and a guardhouse. Hunt was listed in the colony register as "draughtsman". It is not known if all the buildings were completed at the time. Hunt"s map was discovered in 1888 in the Spanish national archives. A spy had sold it to a Spanish ambassador who had sent it to Spain. It might be a copy of now-lost map, and is the only known plan of the original layout of any early English colony.
Troubles begin
Popham and Gilbert sent survey expeditions up the river and contacted the Abenaki tribe. In a letter to the King, Popham wrote that the natives had told them that the area was full of easily exploitable resources. However, the colony failed to establish cooperation with the tribe; they were suspicious because earlier expeditions had captured natives to show at home.
Late summer arrival meant that there was no time to farm for food. Half of the colonists returned to Great Britain in December 1607, aboard the Gift of God. Others faced a cold winter during which the Kennebec River froze. Fire destroyed at least the storehouse and its provisions. Later excavation has hinted that there might have been other fires.
Colonist divided to two factions, one supporting George Popham and the other Ralegh Gilbert. George Popham died in February 5, 1608, possibly the only colonist to die - a contrast to Jamestown which lost half its population that year. Ralegh Gilbert became "colony president" on February 5, 1608 at age 25.
The colonists completed one major project; the building of a 30-ton ship, a pinnace they named Virginia, the first ship built in America by Europeans. It was meant to show that the colony could be used for shipbuilding. They also finally managed to trade with Abenaki for furs and gather a cargo of sarsaparilla.
When a supply ship came in 1608, it brought a message that Sir John Popham had died. Gilbert sent the Mary and John to England with cargo. When the ship returned later in the summer, it brought news that Gilbert"s elder brother John had died. Gilbert was therefore an heir to a title and estate of Compton Castle in Devon. He decided to return to England. The 45 remaining colonists also left, sailing home in the Mary and John and Virginia. (The Virginia would make at least one more Atlantic crossing, going to Jamestown the next year.)
The colony had lasted almost exactly one year. Later colonists in the area, building on the experience of the original colonists, settled further up the Kennebec river, at the site of the present day Bath, where the winter storms and tides were not as severe.
Later developments
Fort Popham and the Kennebec River
French colonist Jean de Biencourt visited the abandoned site in 1611. In 1624, Samuel Maverick of the Massachusetts Bay Colony also visited the site and reported that it was "over-grown".
During the American Civil War, Union army built a Fort Popham in the area. Afterwards some farmers moved to the area and it became farmland until 1905. Then US Army built up the area of Fort St. George to supply Fort Baldwin. The state of Maine bought the area in 1924 and Fort Baldwin was reactivated during the World War Two.
Today much of the area that made up the Popham Colony is part of Popham Beach State Park, a popular beach and recreation area.
Modern excavations
First excavations of the area in the 1960"s were unsuccessful. In 1994 Jeffrey Brain of the
Peabody Essex Museum discovered the site of the colony using the Hunt"s map as a guide. He begun larger excavation in 1997 and later uncovered the Admiral"s house, the storehouse and a liquor storage building. He also proved that Hunt"s map was very accurate. Parts of the fort, probably including the chapel and graveyard, lie on private property not open for digging and the Fort"s southern portion is under a public road. The excavation was concluded in 2005.
Sources and further reading
Richard L. Pflederer - Before New England: The Popham Colony (History Today January 2005)
Tom Gidwitz - The Little Colony That Couldn"t (Archaeology magazine March/April 2006)
口语
第一题：人生中有许多goals，描述一个你的goal，并解释理由。
第二题：你愿意选择Big class还是Small class，并解释理由
第三题：学校把新生Orientation调整了一下，由以前的2 days hiking and camping改为1day hiking或group activity。男的赞成，因为more choice for students，而且不占用全部周末，还有一天可以安排自己的活动。女的几乎没有说什么有价值的话。简述对话的主要内容并阐述你的观点和理由。
第四题：人的response to emergency depends on how many observers there are. More, observers bring about less self responsibility。
第五题：忘记了。
第六题：climate change对动物的影响。在澳大利亚，古生物学家paleontologist发现a large number of "thunder birds", or in the one spot。数量有35000只thunder bird的化石。
背景知识：
Dr Judith Field, of the University of Sydney says, "It can be argued that climate change might have driven vegetation change, periodic drought, and increased seasonality. (The climate) weaves backwards and forwards - it might just need one more extended drought and bang, the megafauna are knocked off."
The find of mass fossils at Alcoota, Northern Territory may support the theory that megafauna became extinct due to climatic change.
Dr Peter Murray, from the Museum of Central Australia, and a team of researchers have been excavating fossils in a remote part of the Northern Territory, called Alcoota, for the past 12 years. Recently they made a rare scientific
find - a large number of "thunder birds", or Ilbandornis, in the one spot.
Thunder birds belong to the family Dromornithidae, the largest of which was about three metres tall, weighed about 500 kilograms, and has been nicknamed the "giant demon duck of doom".
There are two theories for the grouping of the bird fossils at Alcoota. It may be that the water in the environment sorted the bones into similarly-sized accumulations, or that the birds may have been flocked together around a water hole during a drought.
"Animals tend to gravitate towards the last few remaining water holes during a drought. When you get many animals congregating around one water hole, they eat all the food. Ultimately, if the drought doesn"t break, they die of starvation," says Dr Murray.
Alcoota
The open scrub at Alcoota, north-west of Alice Springs, is almost dry enough to qualify as a desert. The mostly flat landscape dotted with low, flat-topped hills echoes closely what the environment might have been like here 8 million years ago.
The middle Miocene was a time of great change across Australia. As the continent drifted north into hotter latitudes, the continent began to dry out. The rainforests seen at Riversleigh gave way to more open woodland. This opening of the landscape allowed animals to grow to larger sizes and animals that preferred to browse close to the ground were favoured over the tree-dwelling fruit-eaters of earlier times.
But, along with the change of climate and landscape came an uncertainty of conditions. Australia began to experience occasional droughts.
As the water dried up, animals became tethered to dwindling pools and lakes. They soon ate out all the vegetation within reach of the isolated watering holes but choose to stay where there was water. Crammed together around the ever decreasing shorelines, the animals died of starvation, their bodies collecting in dense concentrations that today form
the spectacular bone-beds of Alcoota.
The most common marsupial from Alcoota is the sheep-sized Kolopsis. This four-legged herbivore has no living descendants but is most closely related to wombats and koalas. Judging from the number found at Alcoota, Kolopsis lived in large herds of dozens of animals.
A rarer marsupial is the larger Palorchestes. The size of a small horse, this powerful herbivore probably lived in small groups, couples or even as solitary beasts.
The main marsupial predator at Alcoota was the ancient marsupial wolf, Thylacinus. Closely related to the modern Tasmanian Wolf, the Alcoota Thylacinus was around 15 per cent larger than its recently extinct relative.
But this mammalian carnivore would have lived in fear of two other denizens of the ancient lake. Dromornis was a huge, flightless bird. Think of an emu that weights 400 kilograms and stands over three metres tall and you have some idea of what Dromornis looked like. And to add a pinch of terror, this fearsome bird was a hunter armed with a beak that could rip open any of the animals it came across.
While Dromornis ruled the land, the water was the kingdom of the clever-headed crocodile Baru. Growing up to four metres or more in length, this monster had a powerfully built head lined with fearsome teeth that could hack out chunks of flesh from its still-living victims.
写作
Task 1
阅读文章批评美国政府对新药上市前的drug testing太过复杂和冗长了，常常耗费数月，数年甚至更长，对患者来讲不好，要增加支出，甚至有些人临死前都等不到药。主要批评理由有两个，第一个是delay，即花费时间太长;第二个是costly。最后一段给出了一个解决方案，叫MedWatch的方法。
听力文章对阅读文章进行了驳斥。关于花在新药测试的时间，讲话者认为患者的生命安全最重要，并举了一个例子：某种新药上市前仅做了成年人的药物实验，但是上市后却又销售给儿童，结果导致不良药物反映。关于新药测试的花费高，讲话者认为如果药物不经过严格测试上市，而之后发生副作用side effect，那么用来处理这种破事的费用更高;此外还提到了新药测试本?就是valuable research，值得花钱投入。对于MedWatch，讲话者也没有好的评价，因为MedWatch是先上市，然后在使用中收集数据，这样有点不负责，而传统的办法是先收集数据再上市，比较好。
Task 2
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement.
For someone who
wants to be successful in the society, knowledge gained from study is more important than the ability of being creative.
考后作文回忆(考后回忆版，不完整)：
The real world is dazzling and various, yet institutionalized. To survive in such a world, one has to follow the traditions. I agree with the idea that the knowledge acquired from study and experience is superior to creativity.
In some artistic areas like painting, music and design, practitioners should be creative. Unfortunately, most of plane people are involved in less challenging sector. Too much different ideas may be improper or even dangerous in many traditional and serious companies. No one would expect “creative” procedures from a staff from a highly-standardized company like KPMG, a globally well-known accounting company.
Ironically, in the above areas, successful practitioners are those who are equipped with solid knowledge. …..
Creative ideas can only be brought into reality with knowledge. For example, iPod is a great blue print initially. But it would stop at it without textbook knowledge, handiwork and even advancing memory chip technology. Therefore, knowledge gained from experience is of great importance. Not to mention the successful marking ideas of iPod.
To sum up, a combination of knowledge and creativity will enable us to share the fruit of science.
附：
整理了一下网络上其他人的一些回忆(供大家参考)：
考试细节全纪录 10月15日 北京 外国语大学
上午刚考完，趁记忆犹存抓紧记述一下……
是上午7点钟到的考试中心，前一天踩过点，所以路上很顺。
到地点后第一件事是出示证件，大家一定要记住带两种证件，今天早上又遇到一个人因为只带了身份证而被拒考。具体的在考试确认上面都有。
签写保密协议，需要抄一段话，什么I promise什么什么的，然后在签字就好了。
然后是锁物品，虽然中间有10分钟的休息，除了保密协议和身份证件(身份证件整场考试都要放在身边)一切物品施药所在柜子里的，包括水和吃的什么的。
锁完物品后排队进考场，一次进去的人和考场数是一样的，你会把你的保密协议交给监考官，然后坐在椅子上照相。
照完相就可以进考场了，你刚照的相会出现在你所在的机器的屏幕上。这是即使还有人没有进来，你也可以大大方方的点continue开始考试了。每个人的开始时间都是不一样的，根据做题的速度，结束的时间也不一样。
一进场监考官(一般都是和蔼的女老
师)会给你纸和铅笔。(给了我3张纸)笔要是粗了或者纸不够用了是可以随时举手要的，我就换了三次铅笔。
第一部分是一堆的仪器测试，耳机测试很简单。话筒测试的时候会要求你简述你所居住的城市，你大可不必煞费苦心紧紧张张的想怎么描述北京，可以做的是用正常的语速把instruction给读一遍，除非话筒有问题或者你的声音异常小，你还没读完就可以通过。没有通过话筒测试是无法继续考试的，会出现提示要你找监考官。
然后开始正常的考试，和很多摸考不一样的是，每部分前面的general instruction是不可以跳过去的，你必须看完获者听完，然后考试会自动开始。
和模考不一样，休息似乎也是必须休息的，我没有看到右上角有continue的字样，耳机里也没有放音乐。这时候可以出考场拿柜子里的东西。要是去比较远的地方，监考官会是跟着你的。
回到考场，在休息还差30来秒的时候，你应该要求老师给你来开锁(输密码)。你方可继续答题。
接下来的是口语部分，建议大家在休息时把纸分成六块，把要记的步骤，1，2，3，reason, topic这些指示性的字样都写上，因为口语部分，特别是前两题，是会紧张的。
在这里说一下，很多老师推荐大家阅读快做，这样说的时候别人还在休息或者作听力，相对来说轻松一些。我就是这样，说完了还没有人开始说，但是在写作的时候，问题出现了，大家叽里咕噜的开始说了，有时会打断写作思路。所以阅读部分的作题速度可根据你是希望说的时候不被打扰，还是写的时候不被打扰来定。
考完了会出两个选项，第一个问你确认要给大学寄你的成绩，第二个问你是否同意用你的考试做研究。
最后跟老师说拜拜，走出考场，超生了...
成绩10月末出来，要是不错的话我再写关于考试本身的一些内容啦，88-)
10.15机警加个人经验总结（杭州） 今天从早上6点半起来，12点多终于考完了。趁现在还记得，发机警攒人品
口语2 big class vs small class，8月份考过，而且我听旁边同学说的时候就把题目猜出来了，直接写下来
口语4 人的response to emergency depends on how many observers there are. More, observers bring about less self responsibility
口语3 学校把新生orientaion activity由以前的2 days hiking改为1day hiking或者group activity
男的赞成1 more chice for students
2 not occupy the whole weekend
写作1 article the tests for drugs in the US is excessive.
1 test time is too long can not give the access to patients who need it at once
2 costly
3 can be replaced by MedWatch.(let the doctors to fill a form to evaluate the effect.)
反对 1周期太短难以发现side effect
2虽然costly，但如果不test，会造成患者的危险
3理论上可行，但医生很可能没空去填form
写作二 knowlege from study and ability of innovation 哪个对于成功更重要
tips ：在杭州考点，口语题目完全可以从周围同学那里听到，所以要控制节奏，不要做得太快。中间休息十分钟可以好好利用来听别人的口语。
感觉IBT没有想象中那么难，ETS其实是个纸老虎。一些题目甚至跟样题又重复。比如阅读里面的disperse=distribution,阅读今天一共有五篇，前3篇比较容易，15分钟一篇。最后两
篇较难(主要是选项设置难而非文章难度)，有可能是加试。听力速度比delta慢，语音也比较清楚，但跟OG相比，也是选项设置比较有干扰性，特别注意重放的题目，说话人的意图并不是很明显。口语和写作里面的听力速度更慢，不用担心记不下来。我5T成绩由于公放影响考了590，为了今年申请毅然报了IBT，准备了20天，十分感谢CD上的同学和斑斑给我提供了很好的备考方法，现在希望能有机会回报大家。
10月15日,天津大学归来,经验分享.
终于考完了,虽然这只是个开始.
天大的考点是综合实验楼,是学校的一号楼,门口有地图,就在东门一进门右手边的一栋楼后面.
先谈谈考场吧,在六楼一次就几十个人，先在门口排队填表,然后一个一个check in进去，进去后照相存包,再进机房.机房是一排4台机子,还不错，机子中间有隔板,人是中间隔一位,想看对方屏幕得转脸,呵呵.设备好象是方正的电脑，挺稳定的，我们这次好象没有当机或者出问题的,速度也很流畅,耳机说是进口的boss耳机，戴着挺舒服的，我同学买过一个boss的耳机，2500元,送个CD机子,听正版的CD巨爽. 考点的那个不知道多少钱,声音很清晰，隔音效果正常,旁边的说话声能听到，但不太大，远点的基本没问题.老师服务态度很好，有个还挺漂亮,呵呵.
我是在中间的位置进去的,因为是8点考也不想去太早,因为没看时间，但是12点30考完的，可能是提前CHECK IN 的吧.我的加试是阅读，机警外面已经有了，感觉那篇SUMERIAN挺难的(刚读题目还以为讲中国夏朝的，呵呵，白开心了),其他的还比较正常，那篇讲经济史的因为我是学国际会计的，所以都学过,好爽啊，基本都不用看文章. 考完听力是休息，能去厕所,好象不让吃东西. 这时候就体现中间进去的好处了，做听力的时候没太多人做口语,比较安静，然后我休息的时候，大家狂说口语，我就听的很开心,基本口语考什么都知道了. 然后自己做口语，感觉很好.作文非常的工整,和我的摸班完全匹配,所以我一阵狂打13分钟写了260词,然后剩7分钟看人家考试。最后的独立写作也非常好写，我写了460词(写的有点多,查点没来及检查,但是摸班有190词,所以总体查不多),到最后就是狂打字,幸亏平时聊天打字快.
总体感觉难度尚可,还是能力至上.感谢CD的帮助，感谢山衔落日老大,平时问的傻傻的问题，都是他回答的.如果对天津考点有什么疑问的都问我，好象这儿在天津考的不多,呵呵.下面还得考GMAT,继续和大家一起努力.
Oct 15 四川大学....我还没死，真好
先感伤一下……我自己觉得考得很不好……这可是我第二次考T了……虽然感觉比第一次笔考的时候好了很多，但因为listen的时候被一男人大声地speak扰乱了……
我最后一篇都不知道说了些啥……川大的老师都很好的，草稿纸什么的都可以要，不过要一个一个上厕所
其实我英语不?很好，准备T，我觉得真得对于我自己的英语有大的提高……所以今天考完了下来，心情真得有一点点失落，觉得人生没目标??但还有高考在等着我。。。。也不能说完全是因为T，我摸底考试真的……让我觉得上本科都有问题呀，所以，我也不会再去考了，这全当人生的一次经历了……
JJ已经有人说过了，我就不多说了，貌似题目的顺序都是一样的……阅读……
我是加式的阅读，幸好没有加听力亚，要不我肯定晕厥在那里了……这次听力没有table……太好了……不过，我就是投机取巧，在listen的时候老想去听别人再speak啥。。然后就有N多没有听到，真的是很失败。。不过想说不被speak的影响到是不可能的，如果你想猜题。。我觉得是休息的10分钟不要出去，就在那里听大家说……大概可以猜个8 9 成……
我先就听到一个人说他的目标是当一个successful man，然后又听到他说喜欢small class
所以在10分钟的时候就写了个草稿。。。然后基本上就是照着说的
不过后面的……特别是第4，6题。。我都不晓得我在干什么……
很影响心情……
提醒各位去川大的要把吃的放在3楼，不要锁在2楼，是不能去拿的。。。其实我觉得不吃也没什么，我都是硬吃了两块巧克力下去。。
还有，一定要带好证件……貌似又有N多人只带了身份证……然后那老师还很毒，说你马上给美国ETS打
电话，反映下这个问题……狠……
其他的也就没什么要提醒大家的了，就是在考试前一定要记得看JJ，这次speaking的第4题是出过的……但我貌似当时太激动了，虽然听得很清楚，但是激动地语无伦次……
这次T之后，我就要好好学数学了，我也不知道为什么当时就是想要出国去读本科，现在觉得，自己确实，离那个英语水平有一定的距离。
我一同学昨天去考SAT去了，她的T是六百零几，为什么都是同学，差距就那么大呢??
我这次去考看见美丽又帅气的新东方老师了……他做的。。真的是快……
10.15的IBT回顾
昨天的考试基本还算顺利，我是在北师大的考场。
首先，人不多，我们的教室因为有一些人没有去，我在做题时大约只有不到三十人。每两个人之间有小段距离，会有一些影响，但是还可以。
第二，感觉草纸三张是够用的，铅笔虽然一开始只发一只，但是只要感觉用得钝了，可以在考完一个section后举手，老师会再给你一只。
再说说考试的内容和难度吧，但是每个人的体会是不一样的，我说说个人的体会
第一，阅读。我的阅读加试了两篇，一共做了五篇，时间还是比较紧，有一篇是讲生物进化的，大致的内容是以前达尔文的生物进化理论认为生物进化需要较长的时间，所以很难去观察研究，但是现在的一些研究者发现有一些生物用较短的时间就可以有一些进化。然后文章给出了一个学者用一种水中生物做的例子(那个单词不认识，呵呵);接下来就是另外一个鸟的进化的例子，是由另外一对学者夫妇观察到的，这两个例子都是在证明生物的一些进化会在较短的时间内完成，还会跟据环境的变化而反复变化。还有一篇是讲蝙蝠的，主要内容是蝙蝠的聚居方式会使他们的聚居地成为许多细菌的生长地，然后给出了一些原因，还指出了一些专门寄生在蝙蝠身上的细菌和他们如何繁殖后代。(剩下的记不清楚了)
总体感觉，题不是很难，但是篇幅还是较长，所以阅读的时候速度要快，而且要理清楚段落之间的大意和关系，这样就心中有数了。
第二，听力。这一section我感觉最强烈的就是它的校园生活对话部分比og的要难一些，但是学术类的是差不多的，不难。比较起泰德的和kaplan的学术类段子，正式考试的学术类的段子要简单。但是篇幅可能差不多长。生词量有一些，但是不是特别多，对文章的理解没有太多的防碍。有一篇讲美国的19世纪初的大众诗的兴起的(不知道这样翻译对不对)，还有一篇是讲关于花的化石的发现的，还有一篇是讲一个重新被考古学家发现了的英国殖民地的。还有一篇关于地质学，slide的。
我在做听力的时候还是受到了一些影响，但是幸好我坐的位置还是较好的，靠窗，不靠门，我感觉靠着门的同学很惨，因为只要有人进出就会影响他们。
第三，口语。总体感觉难度中等，不像新东方的口语特训那么难，前两题不会太偏，大多是我们一般练习过的，我的第一题是讲一讲你的未来的一个目标。第二题是喜欢大班学习还是小班学习(看以前的机经似乎有重复?)，剩下的四道题可能稍微难一些，但是听力方面最起码可以听懂60%(水平高的同学当然就不用说了)，阅读还是容易理解的。总之比我预期的要好。
第四，写作。感觉不难。较为简单。时间也较为宽裕，不过我还是在第一篇综合写作部分没有写完
几个月的复习就这么过去了，但是仔细想想正式复习的时间也就两个多月，虽然在进考场之前特?的怕，因为我感觉有些模块的题还是很难的，如果是那样的话我就死定了，但是考过了之后发现不论如何，在上了考场之后大家都会应付过来的。所以不要怕!
10.15成都IBT新鲜归来（一些考场的事情）
听原来大家的经验，今天我是一大早就去了(大概7点10分左右)，我那号牌的时候前面已经有十多号人了阿，不过不算太后面，大致最后又将近50人参加考试，由于偶的水平确实有限，就不乱发机警误导大家乐。所以主要说一些考场注意事项啦
一 证件
这个实在是太重要了哈，最好靠前认真阅读靠考试须知，最好带护照，有了这个简直就是一证通哈，要吗就是戴上身份证和其他证件，一定要都要带上。今天又个从拉萨来的同胞就是因为只带了身份证被KICK OUT了哈，听郁闷的。还有如果是开证明的话是要求
用专用纸的而且要有相关人员的签名，不然就是证件不符。模糊中听那个监考老师在说什么：“证件不符和证件不齐是完全不同的概念”之类的，似乎很严重。
二 考场情况
基本上我是8点准时进去(真正的照相考试在7点40左右就开始了，所以大家还是要早到)
进去以后就是照相，发铅笔和草稿纸3张(进去时只允许带证件，号牌和誓言书)
这些完成后，老大会收走誓言书，然后领你到位置做好
这个时候，游离的人都该清醒了，因为考试就开始了
我开始做阅读的时候，还有人陆续进入
由于本人定力不佳，再加上实力欠缺，阅读时颇受了点影响，很难集中精力0_0
做到READING的第二个SECTION时基本上就进场完毕了，这个时候是很安静的适合做题啊
最郁闷的还是偶居然做了三个SECTION的阅读，疯掉了，做完第二个时我都把耳机戴上了，却突然又来个READING，老天真是对我不公>_<
听力做到最后一个的时候，我旁边的大哥开始口语了=_=声音真大
不过，同志们，不要因为这个而悲观哈
我借此机会听清楚了第二道PREFERENCE的内容
(第一道因为是个人经历其实不太好打题，但是第二道就不同了，因为大多数人都会以I"d prefer a rather than b之类的形式开始的)其实听力的剩余时间可以不要急着按CONTINUE借此机会多休息一下，再听听周围人的口语，可以小有收获的。
然后做完听力，就到厕所(虽然有点变态>_<)里面用点时间组织一下口语，特别是“偷到的”现成题目，很有效果的
接下来是口语和作文，因为开始时间不同而且自己也很专注，其实影响并不大。
之前很担心会有窜音影响之类的
其实不会的，安排座位是周围的人都是比我先作口语的(几乎就都是在我再厕所里准备的时候=_=)，所以等到我嚎的时候，只有很远的声音，所以不会影响到。
不过我还是要说，我前面那位MM一直和凳子过不去，磨来磨去的，已经被殴的麦给录下来，发配到大洋彼岸去了^_^
等我写完作文抬头时发现周围的T友们都撤退，然后我也光荣离开……
三 监考老师
其实川大监考老师都算很和蔼的，很通情达理
只要不是原则性问题，大家就不要明确的东问西问了，那些鸡毛蒜皮的事情问了反而不如不问得好，还不如和周围看起来老道的人交流一下，就行了
总值痛苦暂时过去
也不算很噩梦阿
祝大家考好(偶比较现实)